Overview of Bone Marrow Transplantation

Overview of Bone Marrow Transplantation Bone marrow transplants is recognized as a very effective treatment for certain types of cancer or diseases like leukemia, aplastic anemia, immune deficiency disorders, lymphoma multiple myeloma or some solid tumors like breast or ovarian cancer Bone marrow transplant is a medical procedure that transfuses marrow from one person to another or to the same person . Bone Marrow is the sort sponge-like material found inside human and most animal bones. It has many blood vessels and special fibers that hold blood-forming cells and fat together. The main function of bone marrow is to make three blood cells types: red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen to other cells. White blood cells fight infection. Platelets help blood to clot. In people with leukemia, aplastic anemia or some immune deficiency diseases the stem cells in the bone marrow malfunction making an excessive number of defective immature blood cells (leukemia) , low blood cell counts(aplastic anemia) or the malfunction cells will attack the body rather than protecting it (autoimmune diseases). The immature or defective blood cells will interfere with production of normal blood cells and will invade other tissues by going through the bloodstream. Bone marrow transplants are usually used after initial treatment fails or the disease or cancer returns. Patients must receive large doses of chemotherapy and radiation to eliminate abnormal stem cells, also to disable the immune system and destroy the bone marrow. This is called conditioning. A large dose of chemotherapy and radiation will leaves the patients without the ability to form new stem cells and without an immune system making the patents more open to infection but a bone marrow transplant must be performed to replace the damaged or diseased bone marrow with healthy ones. Older patients or patients with additional health problems will receive small doses. It is designed to weaken but not destroy bone marrow. The transplant does not provide 100% assurance that the disease or cancer will not come back but the transplant can increase the likelihood of a cure or prolong the period of disease-free survival for many patients. If the patient received high doses of chemotherapy and radiation treatment, engraftment will make the body resume producing of stem and blood cells and immune system will develop again from the transplanted cells, and the patients that receive low doses, engraftment means a new immune system will develop alongside the remaining but weak immune system. Before conditioning a small flexible tube call a catheter or central venous line will be inserted into a large vein in the chest just above the heart. The catheter is there to administer drugs, blood products to the patient painlessly and withdraw many blood samples that are required during the course of the treatment. There are different types of bone marrow transplants. Autologous transplant; transplanted cells came from the body of the patients, allogeneic transplant; transplanted cells that come from a donor who may or may not be related syngeneic transplants; transplanted cells that come from an identical twin sibling (also a type of allogeneic) The type and severity of the disease determine if a patient should have a bone marrow transplant. A patient can be their own bone marrow donor (autologous) only if the disease is in remission or if the condition being treated does not involves the bone marrow like breast or ovarian cancer. The bone marrow will be taking from the patient before the transplant and any lingering abnormal cells will be removed. In an allogeneic transplant the patient doctor will look for a donor that matches the patients HLA tissue (human leukocyte antigen). HLA is a marker that the immune system uses to recognize which cells belongs there and which cells dont. HLA tissues types are inherited so the best chance of finding a match is with a sibling. Before the patient undergoes a bone marrow transplant he or she must be healthy enough to go through with procedure. General physical condition, age, the stage of the disease, and the diagnosis are considered by the doctor when determining whether or not the patient should undergo a transplant. Then there are many more tests that will be taking to ensure that the patient is in physically fit for the transplant. Whether the donor or the patient provides the marrow used in the transplant the procedure used to collect the bone marrow (bone marrow harvest) is the same. Bone marrow harvesting is done in the hospital operating room. It is done under general anesthesia and it involves little risk and little discomfort. When the donor is under anesthesia the bone marrow will be collected from the hip bone. The bone marrow is thick and is a red liquid. This is a one to two hour outpatient surgical procedure. There will be several skin and bone punctures on each hip, this is required to get the right amount of bone marrow. The donors marrow is completely replenished within a few weeks. After the patient bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and radiation treatments the transplant will now take place. Health marrow is infused into the blood stream though the catheter in the same way any blood product is given. It is not a surgical procedure. If the procedure is successful the transplanted cells will grow and develops in the bone marrow cavities. This process is called engraftment. While the patients is waiting for the transplanted bone marrow to migrate to the cavities of the large bones and start making new blood cells the patient is very susceptible to infection and bleeding. This is the most critical time. Blood transfusions and many antibiotics will be given to the patient to help fight and prevent infection.

Essay --

Being located in the Middle East next to the Mediterranean Sea and surrounded by Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel, Syria has continued to be a struggle area for different regions to take control of and rule over. Since 1500 B.C. the land of Syria has been ruled by many different empires and rulers including the Persians, Arabs, and Ottoman Turks. However, since gaining its independence in 1946 Syria has been a home to 21 million people including those from many different ethnic and religious groups including: Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, Christians, Druze, Alawite Shia, and Arab Sunnis. With its capitol at Damascus, the government of Syria has gone through a lot of change since it reached its independence in 1946 from the French. It began as a parliamentary republic which is a republic where the executive branch of government is accountable to the legislative branch. However in the time since then their government has not held firm and strong. Military coups, or groups of people that are usually the military who attempt to get rid of the existing government and replace it, have made many attempts to try to overthrow the government of Syria and replace it with their own. These attempts ultimately began to weaken Syria’s government. They joined a union with Egypt that lasted only 3 years because it was torn down by a military coup. A short time after, Syria began to be less and less democratic and the citizens began to lose more of their rights. In 1970 Hafez al-Assad became president and led the Baath government which was mostly led by the Alawites. W hen he died in 2000 his son, Bashar al-Assad became president. Since then Syria has endured many revolts and ultimately led to a civil war breaking out in 2011... ... on by so much rain that these camps have become flooded and just more miserable and almost uninhabitable for these poor refugees attempting to stay away from the violence of the civil war (CBSnews). The rise in violence against women has also been an outcome of the civil war. With many women being raped, tortured, and used to act as forms of showing control and intimidation towards the enemies. Lauren Wolfe wrote an article saying that, â€Å"everyone from the direct victims of the attacks to their children, who may have witnessed or been otherwise affected by what has been perpetrated on their relatives†, she is saying that it is not only the women that are being the victims, but the families of these victims who usually see what is happening to them (Bernard). The basic human rights that everyone should be guaranteed are continually stepped on in Syria.

Political Economy Theory Essay

The political economy in mass media theory argues that â€Å"the structure of the industry influences content.† _(Andrejevic M, 2007)._ This theory will be demonstrated by analysing an article entitled _'†Sky’s the limit† for MySpace’_, published on _News.com.au_ on August 10th 2007. The presumption of the theory is that media content is influenced by a combination of the media owners (individuals or corporations), advertisers, competitors/other media, government regulations and viewers or readers. In the case of media ownership, â€Å"Private individuals decide what information should be provided to the public based on what earns them the most money.† _(Andrejevic M, 2007)_ The _News.com.au_ article on _MySpace_ appears in the National News section and describes the firm grasp and incredible influence the social networking site, established in 2003, has on the internet and throughout the business world. The article is saturated with references to the innovations and stunning success of _MySpace_. For example the opening sentence reads â€Å"Social networking website _MySpace_ has more than 115 million members around the world and already plays a key role in launching music careers, political campaigns and the way people communicate in general.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ At this point a discerning reader should recall that _News Corp_ bought _MySpace_ from its co founders Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe in July 2005. _(Malick O, 2006)_ The propaganda model developed by Edwards S Herman and Noam Chomsky asserts that information presented to the general public via mainstream media outlets will be biased in relation to the interests of the multinational organisations or media conglomerates that own them. _(Herman & Chomsky, 1988)_ By publishing an article promoting the dominant discourse that _MySpace_ is a popular, thriving production with unlimited potential, _News Limited_ are encouraging awareness of the website, which in turn provides it with traffic and publicity. Since _News Corp_ owns _MySpace_ and is a holding company for _News Limited_, this is a chief example of the  propaganda model and reinforces the political economy theory that media content is affected by media owners. The positive language used in the article demonstrates the power of linguistic controls in promoting a discourse. The writers of the article use phrases such as â€Å"it’s just the tip of the ice berg† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ to imply there is a wealth of possibilities for _MySpace_ to accomplish. The website is described as â€Å"a platform for individuals to express themselves and socialise.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ This quote is relevant to today’s society as ideas of non-conformity, individuality and creativity are attractive to today’s youth. Of all the quotes available from the interviews with the co founders, there is a deliberate choice on behalf of _News.com.au_ to feature words such as ’emerging’, ‘prominent’, ‘innovate’, and ‘evolve’ that connote ideas of positive change and progression. This gives the impression that _MySpace_ is at the forefront of the online social networking phenomenon with millions of individuals flocking to be involved. These terms are deliberately chosen by _News Limited_ to appeal to advertisers who wish for their products to be seen and purchased by the â€Å"trend-setters† in society, and this will consequently benefit its parent, _News Corp_. The article also suggests the potential power MySpace has for advertisers in the future. â€Å"Mr DeWolfe said mobile advertising would be a lucrative fund source and video would take a more prominent place in the way people communicated and shared their art.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ It should be noted that _News Corp.,_ along with other media conglomerates, is ultimately a commercial organisation. By using _News Limited_’s article to draw attention to the incredible infiltration ratio of _MySpace_ (four million unique accounts in Australia, and 50% of all internet users in America) _News Corp_ is securing advertisers’ interest in _MySpace_. The statement by Walt Disney Corporation CEO, Michael Eisner, is particularly powerful in demonstrating the reality of what drives media conglomerates: â€Å"We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art. We have no obligation to make a statement. To make money is our only objective.† _(Andrejevic M , 2007)_ Newspapers, TV networks and magazines rely on advertisers to finance their business, so to encourage advertisers to buy space in their publication they commodify and promote their audiences. According to Dallas Smythe â€Å"audiences are bought by advertisers on the basis on income, age, sex, ethnic and class specifications.† _(Stevenson N, 2002:10-11)_ Rupert Murdoch outlined his plans for the future of _MySpace_ in a 2006 interview at the Citigroup Entertainment, Media and Telecommunications Conference. He revealed that an instant messenger client with voice capabilities, increased worldwide penetration, and free video downloads were in the works. (The free video downloads have been successfully incorporated into the website since the interview.) Following this, Mr Murdoch said â€Å"We’ve got the biggest mass of unsold inventory. We have the third most page views of the Internet in America,† and explained that _News Corp_ had met with advertising networks to â€Å"judge whether they can sell it better than we can.† _(Burns E, 2006)_ In conclusion, the political economy theory, which highlights the a link between â€Å"ownership and †¦ content of media production† _(Stevenson N, 2002: 41)_, can be applied to the _News.com.au_ article about _MySpace_ to reveal how much ownership, among other things, can affect the information the public receives from mass media outlets. As demonstrated in the way that _News Limited_ portrayed _MySpace_ in a positive light for the economic benefit of its parent firm _News Corp,_ it is important for audiences to be aware of the political economy theory, and to detect not only bias but the possible reasons behind such bias in media texts they consume. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrejevic M (2007) _The Mass Media: A Political Economic Approach._ Lecture slides for JOUR2211 Week 2. Available from https://my.uq.edu.au/blackboard_frame.html Accessed on 12/08/07 Burns E (2006) _Murdoch discusses future of MySpace.com._ Available from Accessed on 10/08/07 Gadd M (2007) _’Sky’s the limit’ for MySpace._ Available from Accessed on 10/08/07 Herman E S and Chomsky, Noam. (1988) _Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media_. New York: Pantheon Books Malick O (2006) _Why Murdoch Really Bought MySpace._ Available Accessed on 11/02/03 McQuail D (2002) _McQuails Reader in Mass Communication Theory._ Sage publications. Stevenson N (2002) Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. Sage publications. pp10-11

Autobiography of William Penn essays

Autobiography of William Penn essays William Penn is one of the most famous and well-known figures of our history to this day. Through his many travels and his dedication, William Penn became for the future generations of Americans both a spokesman and a model for an ideal American. His autobiography, The Autobiography of William Penn, follows his life from a child to the time he died in 1718. It seems as though William Penn wrote what his life was really like in his autobiography. He did not seem boastful and make it seem like luxury. On the other hand, he did not tell all negative stories to make his life seem miserable either. He was not biased and he told it how it was. There were many ups and downs in his life and he had to work hard to become the person that he is perceived as being today. For example, his father, who was a sea captain, went away at sea after his sons baptism which was soon after his birth. This meant that he did not have much support from his family for most of his lifetime. He also was very poor after he returned to England and was fined for the new colony. This led to many challenges such as not being able to support his family and being unable to watch over his new settlement in America. He did not have an easy life as some may think. The autobiography actually answered many questions I had about William Penn. I was surprised to find out that his beliefs in Quakers were so strong that he went against his father who told him that was not what he should believe. I was also one of the people that thought that William Penn always lived a life of luxury. But the book proved me wrong in that he had to work hard to become the William Penn we all know today. I also found out that he had many problems in his life like most people. He actually is not different from most people. He had many ups and downs in his life like the rest of us. William Penn was born in London on October 14, 1644 during the civil wars in England. His father, Sir Willi...

Crack Writers Can Lay Easter Eggs

Crack Writers Can Lay Easter Eggs Crack Writers Can Lay Easter Eggs Crack Writers Can Lay Easter Eggs By Mark Nichol Do you like Easter egg hunts? No, not the kind with puzzled toddlers and woven baskets and brightly colored candy and hardboiled eggs. The type of Easter egg in question is a hidden message or other feature in any piece of content or even a computer or software program. A variation on this theme is naming or describing someone or something in a story to give readers a clue about a plot element. Writers employ this device all the time, merely by giving a character an evocative name. The moniker of Ebenezer Scrooge, for example, thanks to its grating, discordant qualities, does not inspire a reader to visualize a kindly, generous figure (though names can be or, in this case, can become deceiving). But authors can go a step further and foreshadow plot revelations or twists by assigning a name that, at least for some readers, will hint at later developments. Here are a few examples of this strategy (which, for all I know, may have another name): The Egg of Columbus Speaking of eggs, an anecdote about Christopher Columbus features him countering the claim that anyone else could have accomplished his feat of discovery by challenging others to stand an egg on end. When they fail to do so, he taps the egg on a table, breaking the end, and sets it upright on its now-flattened base. (A similar, possibly apocryphal story predates this incident, which itself may or may not be historical.) This analog to the Gordian knot or a reference to the Gordian knot itself, part of the lore of Alexander the Great could allude to an offbeat solution to a problem. Kobayashi Maru This is the name of a fictional spaceship in the Star Trek universe, the subject of a computer simulation that tests a prospective Starfleet officer’s character by presenting a scenario in which the vessel is disabled in forbidden territory. The exercise, similar in theme to the riddles of the Egg of Columbus and the Gordian knot, is ostensibly a no-win situation: The simulation program cheats so that the test subject always loses, thus guaranteeing that the focus will be not only on the person’s approach to solving the problem but also their reaction to the failure. However, several Star Trek films, series episodes, and novels refer to efforts to subvert the test. In your story, a ship or person so labeled perhaps with the names inverted will tease knowing readers with the understanding that some similar stratagem is in the offing. Arthur Conan Doyle The creator of Sherlock Holmes can lend his name to any one of a number of intriguing ideas. A character named Doyle (using the full name would be overkill) might allude to sleuthing or presents a link to one of the following alternative notions: At least one researcher suspects that Doyle was a conspirator in the Piltdown Man hoax, in which a fossil skull found in England in the early twentieth century was believed to be the fabled missing link between apes and humans. Doyle became an ardent spiritualist after the deaths of his wife, a son, and other close family members, and argued for the existence of fairies. He was a friend of escape artist Harry Houdini until the latter’s antispiritualism crusade, during which Houdini debunked fraudulent psychics and mediums, led to an estrangement. Doyle also created another legendary character, Professor Edward Challenger, hero of The Lost World and other adventures. This post does not suggest using these specific examples; my hope is that they will inspire you to cook up some of your own Easter eggs purchased in your store of knowledge and served in a story in the appropriate genre. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" Broadcast vs Broadcasted as Past FormA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Starbucks Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Starbucks Marketing Strategy - Essay Example When the company was established, it began as a lone store in the famous Pike Place Market in Seattle. During those days, the company offered some finest fresh-roasted bean coffees worldwide. Consequently, the Starbucks was considered to be the best coffee company since it did not only brought the feeling of connection but also celebrated coffee. Starbucks company has a team of leadership that ensures that all goes well in the company. The company has a chairman, Howard Schultz. He is also the chief executive officer of the company. Adam Brotman is the chief digital officer while Michael Conways serves as the president of the Starbucks Global Channel Development. Also, the company has an executive vice president of Starbucks Global Chanel Development. Other key leaders in the company include Jeff Hansberry, president of Evolution Fresh, Lucy Lee, the executive vice president, general counsel and secretary, executive vice president and chief partner (human) resources officer, Scott Pitasky and Sharon. There are many more people holding different leadership positions in the company to ensure that the company runs smoothly without anything that would encourage its downfall. Most of the leaders are trained and equipped for their positions. One of the greatest challenges of the company is climate change. It is important to know that almost a half of the coffee in the whole world is produced in accordance to the sustainability standard though on only 12 percent of the world coffee is sold in the market as a sustainable. Therefore, there is a need that the coffee company should have its definition of sustainability. However, for this to be established, there is a need that the company should be committed to facilitating the increasing demand for sustainability.

Confucianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Confucianism - Essay Example According to Confucius, a good governance system should have high respect for traditions and age, encourage group efforts, and appreciate hierarchy of control and morality. He acknowledged the need for social harmony and orderliness of social activities. This would only be achieved if every person acknowledges his social rank and behaves according to his rank. This is based on his phrase â€Å"A place for everyone and everyone in his place†. In this regard, Confucius developed an interdependent relationship structure that had lower rank individuals give obedience to their colleagues in the higher ranks. In addition, he also introduced a horizontal relationship system characterized by great trust between family members and friends. This led to great regard of age and authority in the society (Yong, 18). Integration of the Confucianism in the education system would ensure that students highly respect age and authority, strengthen their family and friendship ties; ensure politeness within the society (Yong, 18). Secondly, Confucianism advocates for â€Å"collectivism† that is evidenced in the modern Chinese society today, compared to â€Å"individualism† of the western society. Group membership and collective operation of individuals is usually in terms of their families, their community, clan and ultimately their nation. This ensures modesty and humility. If integrated in the U.S. education system it ensures that students learn the importance of humility and social responsibility resulting to the well being of the entire society (Yong, 18). Confucianism additionally holds high regards scholarship knowledge, integrity and education. The meritocracy resulted to introduction of written imperial examination system. Anyone who proved worth and passed this examination was allowed to be a government official. Confucius’ philosophy on education was that social harmony would be achieved if availed to all people irrespective of